Formal
- BA in Economics, magna cum laude, minor in History from Michigan State University, 1963
- MA in Economics, minor in Statisitcs, University of Minnesota, 1967
- Completed course work and preliminary exam for Ph.D in Economics, University of Minnesota
- All three degrees included many courses in art history and considerable independent study and formal, non-degree study in the visual arts
Specialized
- Workshop on strategies for writing on popular culture, Minneapolis College of Art and Design and Center for Art Criticism
- Video workshop on art criticism, UC Video
- Intensive workshop on architectural criticism, Center for Art Criticism, conducted by Michael Sorkin